Introduction

Systems of ventilation and air conditioning have been integral to sustaining life within submarines for centuries. This article delves into the advancements and limitations of submarine ventilation and air conditioning in the period before World War II. Drawing from historical engineering manuals and contemporary sources, we explore how submarines managed to maintain a breathable environment despite the harsh realities of underwater life.

Imagined and Early Designs

Pre-World War II submarines were a far cry from the sleek, technologically advanced vessels seen today. These early designs were often portrayed as robust yet primitive. The aim during this period was to create a vessel capable of independent operation underwater for limited periods.

One major challenge was ensuring the submarine remained ventilated and free from atmospheric pollutants. Early designs utilized air intake systems that brought in foul air from the surface and expelled it externally. However, this method was primarily used when the vessel was surfaced or diving briefly. Extended underwater operations were a significant challenge due to the limited air supply and the inability to effectively regulate temperature and humidity.

Engineering Methods

A crucial engineering document from the early 20th century explains the manual air conditioning systems in submarines. It is important to note that the term 'air conditioning' somewhat misleads in this context. The primary function was to ventilate the submarine to reduce humidity and prevent condensation within the hull.

The document mentions the use of tablets to absorb carbon dioxide. This was a rudimentary method to address a critical issue for submariners, who were confined in an airtight environment for extended periods. The lack of effective air conditioning systems meant that submarines were typically surfaced for short periods to ventilate and recharge battery power.

World War I Submarines

The submarines of World War I were particularly simplistic compared to modern designs. They relied heavily on surface operations and had limited mechanisms for extending their underwater operations. These early submarines were able to maintain a relatively constant temperature and humidity levels by leveraging the natural cooling effects of the ocean.

Underwater endurance was limited by the available breathable air, electrical power, and the absence of advanced ventilation systems. Most early submarines operated on paraffin or kerosene-fueled engines, which absorbed heat from the inner pressure hull and released it via exhaust. During surface operations, the crew often had to open hatches to allow some air circulation and use minimal electric fans for cooling, albeit under careful control to avoid flooding.

World War II Advances

By the time of World War II, significant strides had been made in submarine design. The advent of snorkels allowed submarines to run their engines while submerged to some extent, but the living conditions remained exceedingly harsh. These vessels were often cramped, noisy, and uncomfortable. Even with the snorkel, the interior environment could still become excessively hot or cold, leading to thermal discomfort for the crew.

The snorkel was a major advancement, as it allowed for continuous power and some degree of ventilation. However, the acoustic and thermal signatures of snorkel use made these submarines easy targets. As a result, the crew often had to endure these challenges, as effective methods for heating or cooling the internal environment were limited.

The article "Submarines World War 1: Harwich, Dovercourt" provides further insight into the living conditions and technological limitations of early submarines. It highlights the numerous compromises and challenges faced by the individuals serving in these vessels during the early 20th century.

In conclusion, the evolution of submarine ventilation and air conditioning systems reflects the technological and ergonomic challenges faced by engineers and naval architects in the period before World War II. Advances made during this time laid the groundwork for the sophisticated systems found in modern submarines.