Exploring the Diverse World of Bullets: Caliber and Cartridge Sizes

The question of how many sizes of bullets are made is more complex than one might think. This article delves into the world of bullets, covering their sizes, types, and the different cartridge designations.

Defining Caliber and Bullet Sizes

First, let’s define “caliber” for small arms. In the English system, caliber refers to the diameter of a bullet (measured in decimals of an inch), while in the metric system, it is measured in millimeters (mm).

For example, a .38 caliber bullet has a diameter of theoretically .38 inches, but in reality, it measures .358 inches in lead or .357 inches in jacketed trim. Similarly, a .45 caliber bullet measures .451 inches in diameter. This can be more accurately described as the “.451” calibre for metric systems, which would be approximately 11.5 mm.

Small Arms Caliber and Cartridge Designations

Caliber is also loosely used to refer to the entire cartridge designation, which includes the bullet size and the case. For instance, .22 Long Rifle cartridge refers to a bullet measuring .221 inches in diameter, loaded into a case defined by the industry as .22 Long Rifle. The .223 Remington cartridge features a bullet that is .223 inches in diameter but is loaded into a much larger case, defined by industry standards as .223 Remington.

When we consider the range and variety of cartridges, the number of different diameters and sizes becomes vast. For example, handguns range from as small as .22 caliber to .50 caliber, and rifle bullets can range from similarly small sizes up to almost .70 caliber.

ARTILLERY AND LARGE CALIBERS

Beyond the small arms range, we enter the realm of artillery rounds, where the caliber sizes can vary even more significantly. There are cartridges that have bullets as small as 2mm in diameter up to bullets the size of an oil drum. The weight of these projectiles can also vary considerably, from a few grains to many pounds.

Historical Context of Bullets and Cartridges

Historically, bullets have ranged in diameter from as little as just over 4mm to as much as almost 20mm. While anything beyond 20mm is generally considered to be a cannon. In the black powder era, there were huge weapons firing 1/2 pound projectiles, referred to as a "2-bore." The weight of these projectiles can vary widely, with 9mm projectiles typically ranging from as little as 80 grains to over twice that size.

The Diversity of Cartridge Designations

Cartridge designations are incredibly diverse, with at least hundreds and perhaps thousands of different designations. Many of these designations are now lost to history, but they reflect the immense variety in bullet sizes and types.

It is important to note that these designations are not just about the bullet size, but also include the case and other properties. For example, a .357 Magnum cartridge not only includes a .357 inch bullet but also a case that is designed to handle the increased pressure of the larger bullet and the higher velocity.

Conclusion

The diversity of bullet sizes and cartridge designations reflects the wide range of applications for small arms, from self-defense and hunting to military and law enforcement use. Understanding the different sizes and types of bullets can help in selecting the appropriate weapon and ammunition for specific needs.