How Did Castles Deal with No Windows in the Winter Months?

Many people believe that castles lacked windows or had them open to the elements during the cold winter months. However, this is far from the truth. Castles, especially those from the medieval period, were highly sophisticated structures designed to withstand the harsh conditions of winter. This article delves into the true methods used in medieval castles to ensure warmth and comfort throughout the colder months.

The Role of Windows in Medieval Castles

Contrary to popular belief, windows were a common feature in many medieval castles. Although early castles did not always have windows, the introduction of glazed windows significantly changed how these fortresses functioned. Glass itself did exist in those days, just as it was developing in other areas. By the 1300s, many castles began to incorporate glazed windows, which were not just open to the elements. Modern reconstructions and pictures of castles like Asten in the Netherlands, a castle that was destroyed during Operation Market Garden in 1944, give us a glimpse into how these structures were designed.

Why Did Medieval Castles Lack Windows?

While castles did have windows, the lack of them during the early medieval period was due to practical and structural reasons rather than a conscious choice by builders. In the earliest fortifications, windows were often omitted or simply covered with shutters to protect the room from the elements. This was especially true in rooms intended for lodging and residency, as they needed to be secure and well-protected. Medieval castles were not just cozy homes; they were heavily fortified strongholds designed to survive sieges and attacks.

Heating Techniques in Medieval Castles

Despite the lack of windows, medieval castles were equipped with sophisticated heating systems that allowed for warmth even in the coldest of months. Fireplaces, for instance, were a standard feature in most castles. These fireplaces were not just ornamental; they served a crucial purpose in keeping the interiors warm. The fireplaces were strategically placed to maximize heat distribution, and some were even designed to focus the warmth in specific areas.

In addition to fireplaces, other heating techniques were employed to keep castles warm. One method involved using charcoal, which burned brighter and hotter than wood. Charcoal hearths were common, especially in larger castles that housed a significant number of people. Additionally, hot air chambers or hypocausts were sometimes incorporated into the castle's design. These chambers were located beneath the floors or in walls, allowing hot air to rise and warm the rooms above. This method was particularly effective in larger castles that required a centralized heating system.

How Glazed Windows Improved Comfort

Glazed windows were a major improvement over simple wooden shutters. While shutters provided some insulation and protection from the elements, they were far from ideal. Glazed windows offered several advantages. Firstly, they provided better insulation, keeping the cold air from outside at bay. Secondly, they allowed for some natural light to enter, which was invaluable in darker months. Finally, glazed windows were easier to clean and maintain, making them a preferred choice for rooms that needed to be both visually appealing and functional.

The Evolution of Window Technology

As technology advanced, so did the design of windows in castles. The transition from wooden shutters to glazed windows represented a significant leap in castle architecture. By the 14th and 15th centuries, many castles had developed a system of windows that not only looked impressive but also served practical purposes. These windows were often decorated with intricate designs and glazed to provide a reasonable level of insulation. Castles like Asten in the Netherlands, if they had survived, would have showcased this evolution in window technology.

Conclusion

Medieval castles were far from the cold, bleak structures often depicted in popular culture. They were in fact highly advanced fortifications with sophisticated systems for heating and comfort. While the introduction of windows in the 1300s marked a significant improvement, castles continued to be used and adapted throughout the medieval period to provide warmth and protection during the coldest months. The evolution of window technology played a crucial role in this process, transforming not just the appearance but also the functionality of these historic structures.