How Medieval Knights Carried Their Shields in Battle: An In-depth Guide

Medieval knights were not only skillful horsemen and swordsmen, but they were also well-versed in the art of carrying and using their shields during battle. The technique and method of carrying a shield varied based on the type of shield, the time period, and the context of the battle. This guide explores how medieval knights used a combination of shield straps, including enarmes and guiges, to maintain effective protection and readiness for combat.

Shields and Carrying Techniques

During the medieval period, which spanned from the early 5th century to the late 15th century, knights employed different types of shields and adopted various carrying methods, including carrying them along the forearm, over the shoulder, or even on their back. The process involved a combination of harnessing these shields using straps known as enarmes and guiges.

The Basics of Shield Carrying

A well-trained knight would typically carry his shield in his left hand, often along with the reins, allowing for single-handed control over both the weapon and the horse. Knights were extensively trained in horsemanship, and the communication between horse and rider occurred through subtle cues and gestures, rather than relying on physical adjustments. A knight would also engage in extensive training to ensure that his body, particularly his legs and corselet (chainmail), would control the horse effectively without needing constant manual adjustments.

Straps and Carrying Mechanisms

To further support the shield and distribute the weight, knights used several types of straps. The enarmes were the shorter straps that secured the shield to the knight’s arm. They attached to the shield and provided a secure connection to the arm, ensuring that the shield would remain steady and in place during fast and sudden movements. The guige, on the other hand, was a longer strap that went over the shoulder and effectively transferred some of the weight of the shield to the body, making it easier to carry for extended periods.

For instance, the guige was a strip of leather or metal that wrapped around the upper torso, supporting the shield and freeing up the knight's second hand for wielding a sword. Without the assistance of a guige, a knight would need to constantly adjust his grip on the shield, which could become fatiguing over time.

Training and Practice

Medieval knights underwent rigorous training to master the art of shield carrying and battle techniques. For example, the author, dressed in late 13th-century armor, demonstrates the use of a guige during a 2022 training session. This method allows for an even distribution of weight and the ability to use the second hand on a sword if needed. Even after a long training session, the author does not need to use his hands to maintain the shield's position, as the guige supports it effectively.

Shields in Different Contexts

During battle, a knight often had to adapt his shield-carrying technique based on the situation. For instance, a knight on his way to the Battle of Hastings in 2016 might carry the shield on his back, making it easier to move through the battlefield while maintaining his mobility and prepared for sudden attacks.

Shield Rushing Technique

In combat, the shield rushing technique was particularly effective. This involved rushing an opponent with the shield supported against the arm and shoulder, aiming to unbalance the adversary. As documented in a 2016 video, the knights would use their shields to ward off and redirect their opponent's weapon strikes, creating openings for a decisive strike with their sword.

Conclusion

The art of carrying and using shields in medieval battles was a complex and nuanced practice that required extensive training and adaptation. Whether it was adapting to the weight of the shield, the type of shield used, or the specific demands of the battlefield, knights employed a range of techniques to ensure they stayed protected and ready for action. The evolution of shield design and carrying methods over time reflects the dynamic nature of medieval warfare, showcasing the ingenuity and skill of these brave warriors.