Illicit Profits in the Middle Ages: A Secrets and Schemes Guide

The Middle Ages, a period marked by feudalism, crusades, and the development of early banking systems, was also rife with various forms of illegal activities. These activities, often driven by economic necessity or personal gain, contributed significantly to the flow of goods and money in a society that was both feudal and hierarchical. This article delves into some of the most lucrative and fascinating illegal activities of the time, including banking, smuggling, raiding, and pillaging.

Money Lending and Usury

Banking and Usury: The world of medieval finance was a complex and often fraught with conflict. The Church, which historically viewed usury (charging interest on loans) as a sin, made efforts to regulate and prevent the practice. However, this did not stop people from finding ways around these restrictions. Many banking activities, while technically illegal, thrived in the shadows, providing essential services to those who needed credit or access to liquidity.

Illicit Trade: Weapons and Materials

Exporting Weapons and Materials: One of the most significant illicit trades during the Middle Ages was the smuggling of weapons, materials, and explosives to non-Christian territories. The early and late medieval periods saw the proliferation of firearms and swords, as well as other military implements. The Ottoman Empire, in particular, became a major recipient of these goods.

Saltpeter, Steel, and Cannons: During the late medieval and early modern periods, saltpeter, steel, swords, armor, and firearms were shipped to the Ottoman Empire. Notably, the English found themselves in possession of a large amount of bronze, copper, and tin after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The Ottomans compensated the English with gold for these metals. A detailed account of this trade can be found in the Artillery Trade of the Ottoman Empire (PDF available for download).

Smuggling: The Coastline and Beyond

Smuggling Along the Coast: Coastal regions were notorious for smuggling activities. One such area was Cornwall in England, known for its rugged terrain and hidden coves. Smugglers would often use these locations to avoid detection and transport contraband goods. The illicit trade in this region was a major source of revenue for some, and the authorities struggled to control it.

Raiding: From Vikings to Late Medieval England

Raiding Across Borders: Raids were not limited to the Viking Age. This activity extended well into the late medieval period, with neighboring countries and even neighboring estates facing the brunt of these attacks. These raids were often opportunistic and could be instigated by various groups, including pirates, privateers, and even local nobles.

Pillaging: Local Feudal Conflicts

Bishop Odo’s Unlawful Actions: One notable example of pillaging occurred in the late 11th century when Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, took advantage of his position to pillage churches and take the lives of farmers under the guise of defending England for William I. He managed to evade punishment for over a decade, only to face legal repercussions when he attempted to take English garrisons to Rome with a stolen fleet.

These illicit activities, though illegal, played a significant role in the economies and power dynamics of medieval society. From the clandestine trade of arms and materials to the daring acts of smuggling, raiding, and pillaging, these activities showcase the ingenuity and resilience of human beings in the face of strict legal and moral codes.

Keywords: Middle Ages, illegal activities, historical smuggling

Related Articles:

Artillery Trade of the Ottoman Empire Economy in the Middle Ages Viking Trafficking: An Example of Medieval Smuggling

References:

Artillery Trade of the Ottoman Empire (PDF)