The Causes of Sewer Problems Due to Old Pipes: Understanding Encrustation, Tuberculation, Sedimentation, and Mechanical Damage

Introduction
Old pipes are notorious for causing various sewer problems. This article delves into the reasons why these issues arise, focusing on encrustation, tuberculation, sedimentation, and mechanical damage. Understanding these factors will help homeowners and property managers take necessary action to prevent costly repairs.

Encrustation

Definition and Effects
Encrustation, also known as line encrustation or scaling, is the process of covering an interior surface with a crust-like formation. This crust can build up gradually over time and has two primary effects:

Reduced Flow Rates: As encrustation forms a layer on the pipe's inner surface, it gradually slows down the flow of liquid. Base Formation for Further Buildup: Encrustation provides a base for further encrustation to form, potentially completely choking off the flow of liquid if unchecked.

Tuberculation

Definition and Mechanism
Tuberculation is a bacterial-driven form of corrosion that results in iron oxide precipitation. This process typically occurs in cast iron or ductile iron pipes used in water and some sewer systems. Over time, the buildup can inhibit or restrict the flow in the pipes.

Sedimentation

Process and Impact
Sedimentation is the process where heavier items such as sand, gravel, and metal settle out of the liquid stream. This can lead to clogging in the pipes if not removed. In the context of septic or sewer systems, sedimentation can be particularly problematic. I have seen cast iron pipes completely plugged with material that resembles dense moss or compacted bedding soil, which is the result of biomass that begins encrusting the pipe and then forms a dead body of its own kind.

Mechanical Damage, Breaking, and Intrusion

Common Issues
Mechanical damage, whether due to improper installation or external factors, can lead to cracks, breaks, and misalignment in pipes. These issues can create low-pressure zones, reducing the overall flow of liquids and potentially allowing soil and root intrusion.

Low Pressure Zones: Pipes that are not properly supported can create low-pressure areas, which liquids cannot flow through. Intrusion Problems: If a pipe or coupling separates, it may allow roots or soil particles to enter the pipe, leading to clogs and blockages.

Root Intrusion

Risk and Prevention
Root intrusion is one of the most significant issues affecting sewer pipes. Trees and shrubs near pipes can release their roots in search of water, potentially causing considerable damage. Preventive measures include ensuring proper tree placement and regular maintenance to inspect and address potential issues before they become severe.

Kids’ Toys and Other Intrusions

Accidental Blockages
Young children can inadvertently cause pipe blockages by removing caps from cleanouts (clear accesses to the septic or sewer system) and dropping toys, balls, or rocks into the pipes. Items smaller than a softball have the potential to become trapped in existing restrictions, further clogging the system.

Conclusion

Summary and Call to Action
Understanding the causes of sewer problems due to old pipes is crucial for maintaining a functional and reliable septic or sewer system. By recognizing the roles of encrustation, tuberculation, sedimentation, and mechanical damage, property owners can take proactive steps to prevent and mitigate these issues. Regular maintenance and proper installation are key to ensuring the longevity and effectiveness of your plumbing system.

Key Points:
- Regular checks to address encrustation and sedimentation - Proper pipe installation and support - Prevention of root intrusion through proper landscaping - Immediate action for any potential intrusion from kids' toys or other foreign objects