The Anglo-Saxon Castles and Fortifications in Britain

The Anglo-Saxons did not establish castles in the modern sense. They lacked the feudal systems that led to the construction of castles in France and were about a century too early to construct the iconic keeps and towering walls we recognize today.

However, the Anglo-Saxons did build defensive structures known as burhs. These were initially constructed to protect their territories against Viking invasions. Often built within existing Roman forts to save labor and materials, burhs gradually evolved into bustling centers of commerce and trade, leading to the development of modern cities such as Bath, Winchester, and Exeter.

Following the Norman invasion in 1066, the Normans constructed larger castles across much of Britain, often on top of or incorporating Anglo-Saxon remains at strategic locations. Many Anglo-Saxon fortifications did not survive, leaving behind only ruins or trace sites. Some examples of Anglo-Saxon burhs still exist, with Maiden Castle near Dorchester being a notable one where visitors can experience the remnants of these ancient structures.

Anglo-Saxon Fortified Settlements vs. Norman Castles

While the Anglo-Saxons were not big fortress builders, their defensive structures were typically made of wood with thatched roofs. A preserved example of such a structure is Daws Castle near Watchet in Somerset, known as a sea-cliff hill fort. Stone-built castles, on the other hand, were predominantly the work of the Normans.

The Four Anglo-Saxon Fortified Settlements

King Alfred the Great is credited with establishing four fortified settlements, or burghs, in the 1040s and 1050s. These were built to defend against Welsh reavers and included:

Richard's Castle: Located on the Welsh border, it was designed to counter Welsh incursions. Ewyas Castle: Similarly situated on the Welsh border, only its central motte mound remains. Hereford Castle: Also on the Welsh border, this fortified settlement served a defensive purpose. Clavering Castle: Located in Essex, this fortified manorhouse was more focused on local defense.

Despite their strategic importance, these castles are now largely in ruins, leaving only remnants such as earthworks and fragments of masonry.

Preserving and Visiting Anglo-Saxon Sites

Many of the ruins and remnants of Anglo-Saxon and Norman castles serve as important historical sites. Maiden Castle near Dorchester is one such site that offers a great day out, where visitors can explore the surviving earthworks and masonry.

For those interested in delving deeper, a visit to these sites can be both educational and awe-inspiring. The preservation of these ancient structures provides a window into the past, highlighting the evolution of castles and fortifications in Britain during the Anglo-Saxon and Norman periods.

Keywords: Anglo-Saxon castles, Norman castles, Anglo-Saxon fortifications