Understanding the Distinctions Between Natural and Artificial Background Radiation
Background radiation is a significant component in our daily lives, affecting both natural and artificial environments. This article delves into the differences between natural background radiation and artificial background radiation, their sources, magnitude, regulation, and health impacts.
1. Source of Radiation
Natural Background Radiation: This type of radiation originates from natural sources such as cosmic rays from outer space, terrestrial sources like radioactive materials in the Earth's crust (e.g. uranium, thorium, radon), and internal radiation from radioactive isotopes present in the human body (e.g. potassium-40).
Artificial Background Radiation: This radiation is produced by human activities including medical procedures (e.g. X-rays, CT scans), nuclear power plants, nuclear waste, fallout from nuclear weapons testing, and industrial sources such as certain types of machinery and radiographic equipment.
2. Magnitude of Radiation
Natural Background Radiation: The average dose of natural background radiation received by a person is about 2-3 millisieverts (mSv) per year, depending on geographic location and altitude. This natural background radiation is a normal part of life and is generally stable.
Artificial Background Radiation: The contribution from artificial sources varies widely but typically adds a small amount to the total annual dose. For example, the average annual dose from all artificial sources is often estimated to be around 0.1 mSv. Medical procedures can vary significantly in dose but are generally a minor contributor to the overall exposure.
3. Regulation and Control
Natural Background Radiation: Generally, there are no regulations to control natural radiation as it is an inherent part of the environment. It is considered a baseline and is stable over time.
Artificial Background Radiation: This type is subject to strict regulations and safety standards set by organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and national regulatory bodies. These regulations are designed to minimize exposure and ensure public safety during medical procedures and other human-made activities involving radiation.
4. Health Impact
Natural Background Radiation: While natural background radiation is a normal part of life, prolonged exposure to higher levels, such as radon in homes, can increase the risk of health issues such as cancer.
Artificial Background Radiation: Increased exposure, particularly from medical imaging or radiation therapy, is closely monitored due to the potential for increased health risks. However, if exposure is justified by medical necessity, the benefits often outweigh the risks.
Conclusion
In summary, natural background radiation comes from environmental sources and is generally stable and widely accepted. In contrast, artificial background radiation is human-made and subject to strict regulations. Understanding both types is crucial for assessing radiation exposure and potential health risks. By staying informed, we can make better decisions to minimize unnecessary exposure and protect public health.