Why Can't Fixed Aquatic Plants Grow Underwater?
Fixed aquatic plants, such as flowers and bulbs, often face challenges when attempting to grow fully submerged in water. However, a closer examination reveals that not all aquatic plants are bound by the same limitations.
Examples of Submerged Plants
There are exceptions to the rule, such as seagrass, the only flowering plant that thrives entirely underwater. Seagrass, like other submerged plants, has developed unique adaptations that allow it to survive and thrive in an aquatic environment.
Sea algae, or green algae, brown algae, and red algae, are also numerous examples of plants that are by necessity submerged. These algae, which are often referred to as green algae, brown algae, and red algae, are naturally adapted to thrive in water and can be found in various aquatic environments.
Submerged plants such as kelp and Nori (laver) are also prevalent and well-known for their ability to grow underwater. These plants have unique anatomical and physiological adaptations that enable them to withstand long periods of submersion.
On Semi-Aquatic Plants
Many plants can also exist in a semi-aquatic environment. Water lilies and lotus flowers are excellent examples. These plants typically have parts that are both above and below the water. Their roots, bulbs, and tubers are often partially submerged, while the leaves and flowers remain above the water for photosynthesis.
Water lilies and lotus flowers, in particular, are known for their fascinating adaptations. They have stems that can stretch along the water's surface or even extend deep below it. The roots and bulbs are often found anchored in the mud below, while the floating leaves and flowers take advantage of the sunlight for photosynthesis.
Aquatic bulbs, tubers, and roots are another category of plants that can thrive in water. For example, umbrella papyrus can be a fascinating houseplant if grown in a bowl of water. This semi-aquatic plant has adapted to its environment, with roots that can absorb nutrients from the water, and its stems and leaves thriving in a partially submerged condition.
Bald cypress is another interesting semi-aquatic plant. This species has unique features that allow it to tolerate waterlogged conditions. Its roots act as snorkels, allowing the plant to access oxygen even when its stem is submerged.
Reasons Why Fixed Aquatic Plants Struggle
The main reason why fixed aquatic plants struggle to grow underwater is the difference in their breathing mechanism. Unlike algae and submerged flowering plants, typical terrestrial plants have evolved to breathe air through their stomata. When submerged, the stomata cannot function properly, leading to oxygen deprivation.
The stomata on fixed aquatic plants are not designed to cope with the low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels found in submerged environments. This limitation can ultimately result in the plant's inability to survive long-term under water.
It is essential for fixed aquatic plants to develop alternative breathing mechanisms or live in environments where they can partially emerge above the water. This is why many of these plants are found in partially submerged or emergent conditions rather than fully submerged environments.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while some plants can fully thrive underwater, fixed aquatic plants face significant challenges. The differences in breathing mechanisms and evolutionary adaptations play a crucial role in determining a plant's ability to grow fully submerged. Understanding these differences can help gardeners and ecologists choose the right plants for various aquatic environments.
For further insights and related content, explore articles on aquatic plants, fixed aquatic plants, and submerged plants. If you have any questions or need more information, feel free to comment below.