World War II Submarine Crews and Their Harsh Conditions During Cold Operation
During World War II, the harsh sea conditions, especially the cold water, made the lives of submarine crews a significant challenge. Submarines operated in diverse environments—ranging from the warm Pacific to the icy waters of the Arctic—each posing unique challenges to the comfort and safety of the men aboard. This article delves into the experiences of submarine crews in cold waters, the impact of temperature fluctuations, and the measures they took to combat the cold.
Temperature Variability Across Theater
The temperatures aboard submarines fluctuated greatly depending on the water's depth and the region. In the North Atlantic, particularly around the Arctic, conditions were severe. In contrast, in the Pacific, temperatures were generally milder. While heaters were installed on many submarines, none could match the comfort provided by modern air conditioning systems.
Temperature Range
The internal temperatures within submarines would range from about 50°F (10°C) to 70°F (21°C). However, when operating at depth or in colder waters, the temperatures could drop significantly lower, making it harder for crews to maintain warmth.
Circulation and Heating Systems
Submarines relied on limited heating systems, and proper ventilation was essential for maintaining air quality. In cold regions such as the Arctic and North Atlantic, crew members often reported feeling extremely cold, as the heaters offered only moderate relief. Ventilation was crucial in preventing the buildup of harmful gasses and maintaining a breathable atmosphere.
Humidity and Psychological Strain
The high humidity levels in the submarine could exacerbate the feeling of coldness. With no natural light and cramped living quarters, the psychological toll on submariners was significant. The harsh environment often impacted crew performance and morale, particularly during extended patrols.
Battleship of the Atlantic and Convoys to Russia
The Battle of the Atlantic was a significant moment for the Allies, as they attempted to outmaneuver the Kriegsmarine U-boat forces. Convoys to Russia, such as Murmansk, were especially challenging. Allied submarines had to navigate through icy waters, with photos showing U-boats covered in ice. The cold within the submarines was extreme, with the crew exposed to freezing conditions both at depth and on the surface.
Geographic Variability in Operations
The majority of US submarines operated in the warmer waters of the Pacific, where the conditions were more bearable. However, personal experience from the author highlights the cold encountered during Arctic operations. On two WWII-era submarines, USS 311 and USS 426, the author describes the discomfort of being submerged and the brutal conditions on the surface, especially during long patrols.
Crew Adaptations
To combat the cold, crews often purchased additional clothing from army surplus stores. Wearing extra layers, such as hats, gloves, and woolen shirts, improved comfort levels. Some lucky individuals received a "mugwump", a word origin from the Canadian Army slang for a large sleeping bag, from a supportive lady friend. This item provided extra warmth and comfort.
Comparisons Among Submarine Crews
German and British submarine crews similarly endured harsh conditions. Their experiences were often comparable to those of their American counterparts, with both groups contending with the challenges of maintaining morale and functionality in sub-zero temperatures.
The experiences of submarine crews during World War II highlight the importance of not only physical comfort but also psychological resilience in the face of extreme conditions. Ventilation, heating, and personal adaptations played crucial roles in maintaining the readiness and well-being of these dedicated sailors.